Module 19: Freudian & Humanistic Theories

Module 19: Freudian & Humanistic Theories

Module Nineteen Goals

1. To understand the conscious and unconscious forces of the mind.

2. To understand the structures of the mind and defense mechanisms.

3. To understand Freudian stages of development and fixation/regression.

4. To understand Freud’s contributions and critics.

5. To understand humanistic theories: Maslow and Rogers.

Goal: To understand the conscious and unconscious forces of the mind.

1. What is the emphasis of Freud’s psychodynamic theory of the mind?

2. Complete the following table describing conscious versus unconscious forces.

Conscious versus Unconscious Forces
Force	Description
Conscious thoughts
Unconscious thoughts
Unconscious motivation

3. Complete the following table describing the techniques to discover the unconscious.

Techniques to Discover the Unconscious
Technique	Explanation
Free Association
Dream Interpretation
Freudian Slips

Goal: To understand the structures of the mind and defense mechanisms.

4. Complete the following table describing Freud’s divisions of the mind.

Divisions of the Mind
Mental Process	Description
ID: Pleasure Seeker Pleasure principle
EGO: Executive Reality principle
SUPEREGO: Regulator Authority principle

Complete the following table describing very common defense mechanisms employed by the ego.

Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Mechanism	Description
What is a defense mechanism?
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation

6. What are erogenous zones and how do they set up conflicts in early childhood development according to Freud?

7. What is fixation and why is it most likely to occur during the first three stages of psychosexual development?

Goal: To understand Freud’s stages of development, fixation and regression.

8. Complete the following table of Freud’s stages of development describing what occurs at each stage and its possible fixation.

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage	Result of Fixation
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage *Oedipus complex and castration anxiety* *Electra complex and penis envy*	This stage presents different problems for boys and girls
	Boys
	Girls
Latency stage
Genital stage

Goal: To understand Freud’s critics and contributions.

Neo-Freudians are psychologist that followed Freud but emphasized social and not biological forces that shape the development of personality. Well known neo or new Freudians are Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.

9. How did these new Freudians agree and disagree with Freud? (Bottom of page 440)

a. How did they agree with Freud?

b. How did they disagree with Freud?

10. What is the current status of Freud’s theory?

A. How valid is Freud’s theory?

B. How important are the first five years?

C. Are there unconscious forces?

D. What was Freud’s impact?

**Freud’s Contributions

**Freud’s contributions are his concept that early childhood experiences are determinants of later personality and the powerful role of the unconscious mind in exerting its influence on our behaviors.

Goal: To understand humanistic theories: Maslow and Rogers

Humanistic Theories do not view man as being conflicted by irrational and unconscious forces.

** Humanistic theories emphasize our capacity for personal growth, development of our full potential, and the freedom to choose our destiny.

**Humanistic theories emphasize self-actualization which is inherent within each of us. We are born with an innate drive to strive to fulfill our true potential.

11. Maslow arranges needs from bottom to top. The hierarchy of needs places stronger needs at the bottom and weaker needs at the top. The needs at the top are higher needs than the needs at the bottom. The needs at the top will be satisfied only when the needs at the bottom are satisfied. Using the pyramid below, list each level of needs.

Self Actualization

12. What is the difference between deficiency needs and growth needs?

13. Name two characteristics of a self-actualized individual?

14. What are the two basic assumptions of Carl Roger’s Self theory also called self-actualization theory.

Assumption 1:

Assumption 2:

15. Complete the following table describing the different Selves (selfs) according to Carl Rogers. Answer only the first and last columns.

Carl Roger’s Concept of the Self
Self or Self-Concept	Real-Self	Self-Ideal
What is self-concept?	What is the real self?	What is the ideal self?
Describe a person with a Positive Self-concept
Describe a person with a Negative Self-concept

16. How are contradictions between the ideal and real self resolved?

17. Complete the following table on Positive Regard, Conditional and Unconditional Positive Regard, and the Importance of Self-Actualization.

Importance of Positive Regard and Unconditional Positive Regard
Regard	Description
Positive Regard
Conditional positive regard
Unconditional positive regard
How does unconditional positive regard foster a healthy self-concept?

18. Complete the following table evaluating the impact and major criticisms of Humanistic Theories.

Impact and Criticisms of Humanistic Theory
Impact	Criticisms
1 .	1.
2	2.

Goal: To understand Psychodynamic assessments-Projective Tests

19. Complete the following table describing projective tests.

Assessment-Projective Tests
What is a projective test?
Examples of Projective Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test:	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):

20. Complete the following table naming two advantages and two disadvantages of projective tests.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Projective Tests

Advantages

Disadvantages

Module 20: Social Cognitive & Trait Theories

Module Twenty Goals

1. To understand Bandura’s social cognitive theory of personality development.

2. To understand trait theory and its role in describing personality.

3. To understand assessment – objective tests.

Goal: To understand social cognitive theory of personality development

1. What is Social Cognitive Theory?

2. Complete the following table describing the difference between cognitive factors and personal factors.

Interaction of Three Factors-Social Cognitive Theory
Factor	Description
Cognitive and Personal Factors
Behaviors
Environment

3. Using the below table, describe the elements of three basic beliefs or cognitive factors that influence our behaviors.

Cognitive Factors That Influence Behavior

Cognitive Factor

Effect on Behavior

Locus of Control

Internal Locus:

External Locus:

Internal Locus of Control

External Locus of Control

Delay of Gratification

Importance of Delay of Gratification

Importance of Delaying Gratification

Self-efficacy

Importance of self-efficacy

Goal: To understand trait theory and its role in describing personality.

4. What is a trait?

What is trait theory?

5. What is factor analysis?

6. Trait theories describe behavior. Trait theories do not explain how traits are developed. The Big Five Trait theory is the most scientific of all trait theories for the normal personality.

Complete the table below describing the Big Five Traits.

Big Five Trait Theory
Super Trait	Description
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness

7. Explain the person versus the situation controversy.

8. Although traits are not consistent across all situations, the concept of traits is still useful. What are the two reasons that traits continue to be useful?

9. Are traits stable or do they change? At what age are personality traits most likely to change and at what age are personality traits most likely to be stable?

9. What is behavioral genetics?.

Goal: To understand assessment – objective tests.

10. What is the purpose of the MMPI-2?

11. What is the difference between validity and reliability?

Validity

Reliability

12. What is the difference between a projective test and an objective test?

Personality Assessments/Tests

Projective Tests

Objective Tests

13. Name four advantages of objective tests.

Advantages of Objective Tests

Module 21: Health, Stress & Coping

Module Twenty One Goals

1. To understand the nature of stress and stress appraisal

2. To understand the physiological responses to stress.

3. To understand the different kinds of stressors.

4. To understand personality and social factors and their role in stress.

5. To understand stress management and coping with stress.

Goal: To understand the nature of stress and stress appraisal.

1. What is stress?

2. What is a primary appraisal and what specifically is being evaluated? Remember that making a primary appraisal is the first step in experiencing stress.

Goal: To understand the physiological responses to stress.

3. Describe the sequence of the Fight-Flight response. This is our physiological response to our primary appraisal.

a .appraisal

b. hypothalamus

c. sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

d. fight of flight response

4. The continual activation of fight-flight responses results in the general adaptation syndrome which describes the body’s stage-like reaction to stress increasing the chance of a psychosomatic symptom. Describe what happens in each stage.

General Adaptation Syndrome
Stage	What happens at this stage?
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

5. What is Psychoneuroimmunology?

Goal: To understand the different categories of stressors.

6. What are hassles and uplifts?

Hassles

Uplifts

7. Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating Scale and the smaller version called the Student Stress Scale measure major life events. Specifically,

(1) What does the scale measure?

(2) What does a score of 300 in six months and 500 in one year predict?

(3) What 3 events have the most impact in one’s life?

8. Complete the following table describing the different types of stressors.

Types of Stressors

Stressor

Explanation

Frustration

Burnout

Post-Traumatic

Stress Syndrome

Conflict

Define conflict?

Approach-approach

Avoidance-avoidance

Approach-avoidance

Goal: To understand how personality & social factors relate to stress.

9. What is Kobosa’s hardy personality? List the three characteristics of hardiness.

10. What is Locus of control?

11. Describe both external locus of control and internal locus of control.

a. Internal locus of control

b. External locus of control

12. What is optimism and how does it reduce levels of stress? Make sure to mention stress appraisal.

13. What is pessimism and how does it increase levels of stress? Make sure to mention stress appraisal.

14. Why is the Type-A personality more prone to stress and physiological illness such as heart disease?

15. What are the three characteristics of social support and how does social support help buffer the negative effects of stress and physical illness?

Goal. Understanding stress management and coping with stress.

16. What is the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?

Primary appraisal

Secondary appraisal

17. What is Problem-focused coping and what is the goal of problem-focused coping?

18. What is Emotion-focused coping and what is the goal of emotion-focused coping?

19. Which is better, emotion-focused or problem-focused, in maintaining good physical and mental health?

20. What are differences between men and women in the use of coping strategies?

21. You are faced with taking an important math test. You have a stress management program to help reduce feelings of anxiety by changing thoughts, behaviors and physiological responses. -5 Points if not completely answered.

Stress Management Application: Using problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, specifically name three things you can do to successfully manage your thoughts (appraisals), behaviors, and physiological responses.

Changing Thoughts-Cognitive Problem-Focused
Technique	Personal Application- How will this be used?
Challenge Appraisals
Substitute Positive Self-Statements

Changing Behaviors-from Emotional to Problem-Focused

Example of using Emotional Focused Coping

Example of using Problem Focused Coping

Learning to Relax
Technique	Personal Application-How will this be used?
Biofeedback
Progressive Relaxation
Meditation